Les Misérables

All later unabridged English translations - by Isabel Hapgood, Norman Denny, Julie Rose, and others - are independent, more literal renderings unconnected to Wraxall's altered 1862 text; Wilbour's own 1862 Carleton translation is likewise independent of Wraxall, being a separate, contemporaneous American rendering rather than a later one, and a modern one-volume translation credited to a different translator is not descended from the Hurst and Blackett first edition.