NMLP P-035673 · True-first precedence · minted 2026-07-09
Clotel; or, The President's Daughter
William Wells Brown · Partridge and Oakey (London) · 1853
Clotel could not legally be published in the United States in 1853 while Brown remained a fugitive under the Fugitive Slave Act, so the true first edition is this London imprint; no American edition of Clotel itself, as opposed to its retitled revisions, appeared in the 1850s.
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New Mexico Literacy Project — True-first precedence NMLP P-035673 for "Clotel; or, The President's Daughter" by William Wells Brown (https://newmexicoliteracyproject.org/id/point/p-035673, CC BY 4.0, dataset DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21184548).